Misund_edit.qxp 28/10/08 1:35 pm Page 67
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TI
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4
636
levels of APs in any of the four fish species investigated (cod,
haddock, mackerel and herring).
7
Oil companies operating in the Norwegian sector are legally required
to monitor the water column environment around their platforms.
These monitoring studies use caged cod and blue mussels placed at
different distances from the PW outlet in an integrated chemical and
biological effects programme. In one study conducted in 2001, an
induction of VTG was observed in cod caged within 500m of the
Statfjord B/C platform, showing that PW contains significant levels
of oestrogenic compounds that are able to produce effects in fish
located close to the platform.
8
However, the induction was very
weak, and was not observed during monitoring in either 2003 (Troll
B) or 2004 (Statfjord B/C).
9
Conclusions
We can conclude that PW contains APs and other bioactive
compounds that in high concentrations can cause endocrine disruption
Targeting
in fish. However, PW discharged into the sea by oil production
platforms is probably diluted to such an extent that only fish located
very close to the platforms may be adversely affected. We also found
no indication that wild fish caught between North Sea oil fields are
Oil-in-Water
adversely affected by PW. Results from several studies conducted by
IMR have been used to conduct a risk assessment of the potential
effects of APs in PW on the reproductive success of fish stocks in the
North Sea.
10
This assessment predicts that there is likely to be no
significant risk of adverse reproductive effects on the cod, saithe and
haddock populations in the North Sea as a result of APs in PW.
However, due to the sheer volume of PW discharged into the North
Sea (and discharges are forecast to continue rising until at least
2012–2014), PW should still be considered a major source of
environmental contamination. As a consequence of this, oil
The Argus
®
Oil-in-Water monitors from
companies operating in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea are
ProAnalysis provide operators with reliable
developing and implementing new technologies to reduce the
and accurate measurements of oil
problem. The concerns about PW have also led the Norwegian
government to enforce a strict ‘zero-discharge’ policy for all oil
concentrations in water.
exploration activities in the Norwegian Arctic areas. ■
1. Ioppolo-Armanios MI, Alexander R, Kagi RI, Identification and analysis of C
0
-C
3
phenol in
Australian crude oils, Organic Geochemistry, 1992;18:603–9.
• Reliable measurements: Replace manual sampling
2. Tollefsen KE, Nilsen AJ, Binding of alkylphenols and alkylated non-phenolics to rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatic estrogen receptors. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety,
• In-line probe: No bypass loop, no maintenance
2008;69:163–72.
3. Boitsov S, Mjos SA, Meier S, Identification of estrogen-like alkylphenols in produced water from
• High pressure, high temperature application:
offshore oil installations, Marine Environmental Research, 2007;64:651–65.
Measurements throughout the process
4. Neff JM, Bioaccumulation in marine organisms. Effect of contaminants from oil well produced water,
Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science Ltd, 2002.
• Automated self-cleaning: No problems with scaling
5. Rye H, Reed M, Ekrol N, Sensitivity analysis and simulation of dispersed oil concentrations in the
North Sea with the PROVANN model, Environmental Modeling & Software, 1998;13:421–9.
• Multipoint: Multiple measurement probes in one system
6. Meier S, Andersen TE, Norberg B, et al., Effects of alkylphenols on the reproductive system of
Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), Aquatic Toxicology, 2007;81:207–18.
7. Grosvik BE, Meier S, Westrheim K, et al., Monitoring of the environmental condition in the
water column 2005: Oil hydrocarbons in fish from Norwegian waters, IMR Report
No. 2, 2007;33.
8. Scott AP, Kristiansen SI, Katsiadaki I, et al., Assessment of Oestrogen exposure in cod (Gadus
www.proanalysis.no
morhua) and saithe (Pollachius virens) in relation to their proximity to an oilfield. In: Hylland K,
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