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Oil Spills on the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Seas and the Bosphorus and Dardanelles Straits
Table 1: Status of International Protocols and Ratification or Accession of Conventions – Turkey
Convention Deposit Date Date of Entry into Force Status
CLC 69 – – –
CLC PROT 76 – – –
CLC PROT 92 17 August 2002 17 August 2002 Accession
FUND 71 – – –
FUND PROT 1976 – – –
FUND PROT 1992 17 August 2001 17 August 2002 Accession
FUND PROT 2000 – – –
HNS 96 – – –
IMO AMEND-91 – – –
IMO AMEND-93 4 May 2001 7 November 2002 Acceptance
IMO CONVENTION 91 – – –
IMO CONVENTION 91 – – –
INTERVENTION 69 – – –
INTERVENTION PROT – – –
MARPOL ANNEX I/II 10 October 1990 10 January 1991 Accession
MARPOL ANNEX III – – –
MARPOL ANNEX IV – – –
MARPOL ANNEX V 10 October 1990 10 January 1991 Acceptance
MARPOL ANNEX VI – – –
OPRC 90 1 July 2004 1 October 2004 Accession
OPRC/HNS 2000 – – –
SOLAS 74 31 July 1980 31 October 1980 Accession
SOLAS AGR 96 – – –
SOLAS PROT 78 – – –
SOLAS PROT 88 – – –
Source:
www.imo.org
Table 2: Status of Regional Protocols and Ratification or Accession of Conventions – Turkey
Convention Deposit Date Date of Entry Status
into Force
Barcelona 16 February 1976 18 September 2002 Accession
Bucharest 21 April 1992 14 April 1994 Acceptance
to carry out an analysis in order to construct a national spill loading/discharge facilities. They have some first response (tier 1)
response, which will improve the ability of the region to respond capabilities, but lack the access and procedures required to allow
effectively in the event of an oil spill and contribute to the region’s higher-tier responses. Some government-owned equipment is
environmental protection. operated by coastal safety and ship salvage administrations, and there
are also some contractors with experience of responding to oil spill
Some governmental and private organisations in Turkey own oil spill responses. A limited amount of spill clean-up equipment is owned by
equipment but have a limited capacity to respond to spills at oil oil companies in Turkey, and is located at the major oil terminals. ■
1. Unluata U, Oguz T, Latif MA, Ozsoy E, On the physical Sea. In: Zatsepin AG, Flint MV (eds), Multidisciplinary Ingegneria Offshore e Marina) Congress, Venice, June 1986.
oceanography of the Turksh Straits. In: Pratt LJ (ed.), The investigations of the northeast part of the Black Sea, Moscow: 19. Ozsoy E, Hecht A, Unluata U, Circulation and Hydrography of
Physical Oceanography of the Sea Straits, Dordrecht: Kluwer Nauka, 2002;27–39. the Levantine Basin, Results of POEM Coordinated Experiments
Academic Publishers, NATO/ASI Series V. 318, 1990;25–60. 10. Ozsoy E, Oguz T, Latif MA, Unluata U, Oceanography of the 1985/1986, Progress in Oceanography, 1989;22:125–70.
2. Ozsoy E, Unluata U, Oceanography of the Black Sea: a review Turkish Straits, Vol.1, First Annual Report, Institute of Marine 20. Ozsoy E, Unluata U, Top Z, The Mediterranean water
of some recent results, Earth Science Review, 1997;42:231–72. Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 1986. evolution, material transport by double diffusive intrusions,
3. Oguz T, Aubrey DG, Latun VS, et al., Mesoscale circulation 11. Oguz T, Ozsoy E, Latif MA, et al., Modelling of hydrauliing of and interior mixing in the Black Sea, Progress in Oceanogaphy,
and thermohaline structure of the Black sea observed during hydraulically controlled exchange flow in the Bosphorus 1993;31:275–320.
HydroBlack’91, Deep-Sea Research I, 1994;41:603–28. Strait, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 1990;20(7):945–65. 21. Robinson AR, Golnaraghi M, Leslie WG, et al., The Structure
4. Oguz T, Besiktepe S, Observations on the Rim Current 12. Farmer DM, Armi L, Maximal two-layer exchange over a sill and Variability of the Eastern Mediterranean general
structure, CIW formation and transport in the western Black and through the combination of a sill and contraction with circulation, Dynamics of the Atmosphere and Oceans,
Sea, Deep-Sea Research I, 1999;46:1733–53. barotropic flow, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1986;164:53–76. 1991;15:215–40.
5. Gawarkiewicz G, Korotaev G, Stanichny S, et al., Synoptic 13. Armi L, Farmer DM, A generalization of the concept of 22. Middelandse Zee, Oceanographic and meteorological data,
upwelling and cross-shelf transport processes along the maximal exchange in a strait, Journal of Geophysical Research, Nederlands Meteorologisch Institut, 1957.
Crimean coast of the Black Sea, Continental Shelf Research, 1987;83:873–83. 23. Brody LR, Nestor MJR, Regional Forecasting Aids for the
1999;19:977–1005. 14. Oguz T, Tugrul S, Kideys AE, et al., Physical and Mediterranean Basin, Handbook for Forecasters in the
6. Krivosheya VG, Titov VB, Ovchinnikov IM, et al., The influence biogeochemical characteristics of the Black Sea, The Sea, Mediterranean, Part 2. Naval Environmental Prediction
of circulation and eddies on the depth of the upper boundary 2005;14:1331–69. Research Facility, Monterey, California, Technical Report
of the hydrogen sulfide zone and ventilation of aerobic waters 15. Oguz T, Sur HI, A two-layer model of water exchange through TR 80-10, 1980.
in the Black Sea, Oceanology, 2000;40:767–76. the Dardanelles Strait, Oceanology Acta, 1989;12:23–31. 24. May PW, Climatological Flux Estimates of the Mediterranean
7. Oguz T, Hydraulic adjustment of the Bosphorus exchange 16. Besiktepe S, Ozsoy E, Unluata U, Filling of the Sea of Sea, Part I: Winds and Wind Stresses. Report 54, NORDA,
flow, Geophyical Research Letters, 2005;32:L06604. Marmara by the Dardanelles Lower Layer Inflow, Deep-Sea NSTL Station, 1982.
8. Oguz T, Latif MA, Sur HI, et al., On the dynamics of the Research, 1993;40:1815–38. 25. IPIECA, Briefing paper: Oil Spill Preparedness Regional
southern Black Sea. In: Murry J, Izdar E (eds), The Black Sea 17. Besiktepe S, Sur HI, Ozsoy E, et al., The Circulation and Initiative (Caspian Sea – Black Sea – Central Eurasia), OSPRI,
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EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION – VOLUME 7 ISSUE 1
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