Marakushev_subbed.qxp 26/3/09 04:41 Page 39
Formation of Oil and Gas Fields
the shelf of southern Vietnam is unique in this respect. Its giant oil of crustal destruction. They are determined by pulses of degassing of
pools are largely confined to the multiple-stage granite blocks traced the Earth’s core marked by decelerated inversions of the magnetic
down to a depth of 1.5km. Only some of the oil occurs in the field. Such pulses occur under the influence of fluid flows that ascend
surrounding and overlying stratified sequences. from the core and lead to loss of hydrogen. Consequently, the fluids
acquire acidic properties and become aggressive to rocks of the
Some researchers have proposed the model of oil penetration into continental crust (H
2
+ 2CO = H
2
O + 0.5CO
2
+ 1.5C).
the granite basement of this field due to the migration of
hydrocarbons from the surrounding rocks. However, such a Oceanisation of the continental crust represents the main result of its
horizontal migration could not have created the huge chambers that destruction, accompanied by the formation of seas and sedimentary
enclose giant oil pools in the massive monolithic granites. Such basins largely on the underwater margins of continents. The
reservoirs could only have resulted from the acid leaching of granites development of geodynamic compression settings of the Earth’s crust
immediately prior to oil generation according to the model described due to its evolution creates conditions that impede the loss of
above (regime I → regime II). Processes of fluid impact were also hydrogen from ascending fluid flows. Consequently, they acquire the
accompanied by explosion events that produced reverse faulting in ability to generate hydrocarbons (5H
2
+ 2CO = 2H
2
O + C
2
H
6
) and
the basement and granite breccia cemented by thickened oil. Oil produce oil and gas pools. This setting is marked by intrusions of
pools in the White Tiger field extend deep into the basement of the alkaline rocks with characteristic water–hydrocarbon inclusions in
depressions, testifying to their endogenic nature. minerals and by the development of fold–thrust and reversed fault
dislocations in depressions. The dislocations control not only the
In such a manner, cycles of the geosynclinal–orogenic–platformal fluid-related leaching of rocks, but also the distribution of oil and gas
development of the continental crust are separated by natural phases pools within both sedimentary basins and their basements. ■
1. Marakushev AA, Origin of the Earth and nature of its 2008;57:156–74. Petersburg, Nauka: 2001.
endogenic activity, Moscow, Russia: Nauka, 1999. 4. Marakushev AA, Marakushev SA, PT facies of elementary, 7. Marakushev AA, New Formation Model of Platform Depressions
2. Marakushev AA, Cosmic petrology and the planetary hydrocarbon, and organic substances in the C-H-O system, and the Associated Stratiform Ore Deposits, in Problemy rudnoi
evolution of the Solar system, Astronomical and Astrophysical Doklady Earth Sciences, 2006;406:141–7. geologii (Problems of Ore Geology), Moscow, Russia: Nauka,
Transactions, 2005;24:507–19. 5. Marakushev AA, Marakushev SA, Redox facies of 2004;11–25.
3. Marakushev AA, Marakushev SA, Hydrogen breathing of hydrocarbons and the formation of oil, Doklady Earth 8. Marakushev AA, Marakushev SA, Formation of oil and gas
Earth (origin and geological and biological consequence), Sciences, 2007;414:561–6. fields, Lithology and Mineral Resources, 2008;43:454–69.
Internat Sci J Alternative Energy and Ecology, 6. Rossii N, The Subsoil of Russia: Mineral Resources, St
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