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Sustainable Technology Transfer Under the Umbrella of the Clean Development Mechanism
Asia-Pacific region. In addition, while the performance of CDM significantly in terms of the reliance on imported technology, the mix of
institutions affects the number of CDM projects, the TT content of equipment and knowledge and the source countries for the technology.
those projects is driven by its compatibility with the host country In this respect, a host country could incorporate TT requirements into its
national priorities and related conditions. criteria for the approval of CDM projects and influence the extent of TT
involved in its CDM projects. In addition, host country characteristics, such
Conclusion as tariffs or other barriers to imports of relevant technologies, perceived
In the CDM, a definition of TT is not provided to project participants, so and effective protection of Intellectual property rights (IPR) and restrictions
each project is free to use its own interpretation of TT. However, from on foreign investment, could have an impact on TT. Developing countries
the previous analysis it is clear that project participants overwhelmingly often choose an energy technology profile that may not be the ‘best’
interpret TT as meaning the use of equipment or knowledge not in terms of delivering long-term sustainability. In the above framework,
previously available in the host country for the CDM project. the CDM has had huge success in terms of mobilising low-cost
Nevertheless, TT is claimed for some projects with very simple technology emission reductions, leading to a series of ad hoc projects rather than
(e.g. solar cookers), while no TT is claimed in other projects where it serving the overall SD needs and priorities of host countries. The
might be expected (e.g. cement). Indeed, the characteristics of the host developing countries themselves have the opportunity to channel CDM
country may affect the incidence of TT for CDM projects. A larger investment in this direction, for example by introducing and applying
host country (larger population or larger economy) may already use a stringent criteria for approval of CDM projects. Therefore, an emerging
technology and/or have the expertise for a given project type. Similarly, a aspect that remains to be seen is how the carbon market and
richer host country (higher per capita gross domestic product [GDP]) may particularly the CDM through TT could stimulate in developing
already use a technology and/or have the expertise for a given project countries the deployment and diffusion of low-carbon technologies
type. TT is found to be heterogeneous across project types, varying that fulfil their medium- to long-term SD goals. n
1. Shneider M, et al., Energy Policy, 2008;36(8):2920–28. 8. Pueyo VA, Joint Implementation Quarterly, 2009;13:5–6.
cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/Guidclarif/glos_CDM.pdf
2. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Available at: 9. Seres S, Prepared for UNFCCC Registration & Issuance Unit 15. Fenhann J, Available at:
uneprisoe.org/
unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf. CDM/SDM, 2007. 16. Srinivasan A, Asia-Pacific Network on Climate Change (AP-
3. Ellis J, et al., Energy Policy, 2007;35(1):15–28. 10. De Coninck H, et al., Climate Policy, 2007;7:444–56. Net), Tokyo, Japan, 2005.
4. Olsen KH, Climatic Change, 2007;84:59–73. 11. Haites E, et al., Climate Policy, 2006;6:327–44. 17. Hugé J, et al., Environment, Development Sustainability,
5. Van der Gaast W, et al., Applied Energy, 2009;86(2):230–36. 12. Olsen KH, et al., Energy Policy, 2008;36(8):2819–30. 2010; in press.
6. Doukas H, et al., Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 2009;13:1138–43. 13. Metz B, et al., University Press, Cambridge, 2000;432. 18. Hamilton DJ, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ,
7. Dechezlepretre A, et al., Energy Policy, 2008;36:1273–83. 14. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Available at: 1994;820.
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