Purohit_Outsourcing_book_temp.qxd 26/02/2010 10:22 Page 22
Emissions Mitigation Potential of Clean Development Mechanism-built Solar Home Systems in India
Figure 3: Solar Radiation Map of India Table 1: Estimated Potential of Solar Home Systems in India
State No. of Households State-wise Estimated
in Rural India Population Below Potential
5.4
(million) Poverty Line in of Solar Home
5.8
Srinagar
Rural India (%) Systems (million)
5.6–5.8
Andhra Pradesh 12.4 11.1 11.0
Jammu
Assam 4.3 40.1 2.6
Shimla
Bihar 12.3 44.3 6.9
Chandigarh
Chhattisgarh 3.3 37.1 2.15.4–5.6 5.4
5.4
Delhi 0.2 0.4 0.2
New Delhi
Itanagar
Goa 0.1 1.3 0.1
Gantok 4.6–4.86.4
5.2–5.4
6.0–6.2 Jaipur
5.0–5.2 4.6Lucknow
Gujarat 6.1 13.2 5.34.8–5.0
6.2–6.4
Kohima
5.4
Haryana 2.6 8.3 2.4
Imphal
Patna
5.0–5.2 Jharkhand 3.7 44.3 2.1
5.8–6.0
Agartala
Bhopal Aizaml
Karnataka 6.9 17.4 5.7
5.4
Ahmedabad
Kerala 5.0 9.4 4.5
Kolkata
5.4 5.4–5.6
Madhya Pradesh 8.0 37.1 5.0
5.6–5.8
Maharashtra 11.3 23.7 8.6
Bhubaneshwar Orissa 6.6 48.0 3.4
Mumbai
Punjab 2.9 6.4 2.7
Hyderabad
Global solar radiation in India Rajasthan 7.1 13.7 6.2
5.4–5.6
22
Tamil Nadu 8.2 20.5 6.5KWh(m ) annual
KWh(m ) daily
Panaji
1,6004.6
Uttar Pradesh 20.4 31.2 14.0
1,7004.6–4.8
1,800 West Bengal 11.4 31.8 7.84.8–5.0
5.4–5.6
1,8505.0–5.4
Chennai5.4
Total 97.11,900
5.4
Bangalore 1,950
5.4–5.6
2,0005.6–5.8
Source:
www.censusindia.gov.in
2,0505.8
2,1005.8–6.0
2,1506.0–6.2
5.8
2,2006.2–6.4
5.6–5.8
2,300 devices based on solar energy. Ideally, detailed solar radiation data6.4
2,305
Thiruvananthapuram
for each location should be used to evaluate the potential of solar
systems. At a macro level, seven north-eastern states and the
rural areas, the financial viability of an investment in SHS is expected to northern states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and
play a crucial role in its diffusion. The clean development mechanism Uttarakhand in India can be given low priority in the process of
(CDM) has been set up to assist developing (non-Annex I) countries to identification of niche areas for installation of SHS. It is thought that
achieve sustainable development objectives by promoting greenhouse all households above the poverty line can afford to purchase an SHS.
gas (GHG) reduction projects that generate emission credits or certified The distribution of households and state-wise population below the
emission reductions (CER, one metric tonne of CO
2
equivalent) for poverty line in rural India is shown in Table 1. Using the above-
industrialised (Annex I) countries. By December 2009 there were 1992 mentioned assumptions it is observed that out of 138 million rural
CDM project activities registered by the CDM Executive Board, which households in India, 97 million households can use SHS. The state-
are expected to produce more than 1.72 billion CER before the end of wise break-down of SHSs is shown in Table 1.
the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (KP) in 2012; 477 of
these projects are located in India. SHS could become relevant for the Clean Development Mechanism Potential of
CDM because they directly displace GHG emissions and contribute to Solar Home Systems in India
sustainable rural development. This study highlights the emissions Small-scale RE and energy efficiency projects are helping to meet the
mitigation potential of CDM-built solar home systems in India. needs of rural people in developing countries, alleviating poverty and
fostering sustainable development. Noting the low emission
reductions per installation, the CDM Executive Board adopted
Solar electrification has emerged
simplified CDM modalities and procedures for qualifying small-scale
projects, defined as RE project activities with a maximum output
as a leading alternative to
capacity equivalent of up to 15MW, energy efficiency improvement
grid-based rural electrification in
project activities that reduce energy consumption by an amount
equivalent to 60GWh per year and other project activities that
many developing countries.
produce emission reductions of <60kt CO
2
per year. Of 2,846 RE
projects currently at an advanced stage of the CDM project cycle, solar
energy projects make up a very small share, accounting for <2%. It
Potential of Solar Home Systems in India should be noted that 40 solar energy projects (four projects that focus
The potential of SHS essentially depends on the availability and on SHS) had been submitted to the EB by November 2009. These
accessibility of solar radiation and affordability so users can invest in could generate 2.4 million CER by 2012.
an SHS. India, being a tropical country, is blessed with plenty of
sunshine. The average daily solar radiation varies from 4 to 7kWh/m
2
The annual CO
2
mitigation potential of an SHS depends on the type
for different parts of the country (see Figure 3). There are on average and amount of fuel replaced by SHS. According to the 2001 census,
250–300 clear sunny days in a year.
2
In this study, only the areas with only 43.5% of rural households in India have access to electricity,
daily solar radiation >4kWh/m
2
are considered for the potential while the rest rely on kerosene. About 87.6% of urban households
estimation of SHS as sufficient solar radiation is necessary for all use electricity for lighting. In rural India, even in the electrified
MODERN ENERGY REVIEW VOLUME 2 ISSUE 1
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