Material Selection Considerations for CO2 Sequestration Projects
Table 7: Pipelines Item
Onshore/ <8 subsea
pipelines <8 <200 <100 Any
SSCC and HIC resistant CS^ with appropriate corrosion allowance
N/A <140 pH ≥4.0 < 165 Weldable martensitic stainless steel¤
N/A <200 pH ≥4.0 < 20 Weldable martensitic stainless steel¤
N/A <120 <8 N/A <200 <10 N/A 60
15
N/A <200 <20 N/A <100 N/A N/A <60 N/A
N/A < 60 N/A
<100 CS clad with AISI 316L <250 22Cr duplex# 100
<250 25Cr duplex# N/A N/A
GRP
Reinforced thermoplastic pipes##
N/A
Thermoplastic lined CS**
CS = Carbon Steel; GRE = Glass Reinforced Epoxy; HRC = Rockwell Hardness; SLC = service life corrosion. ^Carbon steel up to maximum strength grade X65 is widely used for subsea pipelines with or without corrosion inhibition.
*If there is any chance of H2S during the lifetime (e.g. due to well souring) order HIC resistant sour service steel even if the pH2S is below 3.5 mbar.
# Duplex stainless steels are most susceptible to SCC between 80°C and 130°C. The quoted environmental limits assume that the duplex stainless steel is operating in this temperature regime or might experience these temperatures at some stage during service life.
**Higher temperature applications are possible for higher temperature thermoplastic liners.
## Limited to 60°C. Thermoplastic used is polyethylene. ¤
The limits stated are an indication only; all applications of weldable martensitic stainless steel require material testing of welded product form to confirm these material limits.
CS clad with AISI 316L
because in the presence of liquid water as an electrolyte CO2 will partially dissolve and form carbonic acid.
Conditions
SLC Temp. pH2S NaCl (mm) °C
(mbar) (g/l) <200 <3.5 Any
CS^ with appropriate corrosion allowance*
Material
CO2 corrosion has been extensively researched and is relatively well understood. Major studies have been conducted regarding CO2 corrosion in oil and gas pipelines for hydrocarbons containing
several molar per cent of CO2. Very little experimental work has been carried out regarding CO2 corrosion in pipelines at the high partial pressures encountered when transporting high-purity CO2. A multitude of corrosion models have been developed for
hydrocarbons containing CO2, but it has been registered that the results can vary by a factor of 100. This is attributed to the corrosion
effect of CO2 being linked to multiple mechanisms. Several CO2- dependent chemical, electrochemical and mass transport processes
occur simultaneously. At high partial pressures, the existing models tend to overestimate the corrosion rates.
Conclusion All this makes it a challenging task to specify a corrosion allowance
based upon the incidental occurrence of free water in a CO2 pipeline. In addition, the concentrations and types of other
impurities present in the CO2 mixture will influence the corrosion rates. The presence of O2, H2S and SO2 all lead towards higher corrosion rates. The mechanism of CO2 corrosion in the presence of impurities is not entirely understood. Setting a corrosion
allowance is therefore probably not a suitable way to deal with the danger of CO2 corrosion in a carbon steel CO2 pipeline. n
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www.touchoilandgas.com GEOPHYSICS • CONSTRUCTION • DRILLING • SUBSEA • NATURAL GAS
VOLUME 6 ISSUE 1
Logistics • Sulphur Management • LNG • Catalysts • Refining Assets Articles include:
BOEMRE’s New Regulatory Approach to Environmental and Safety Systems Management HA Tony Wood
Expanding Iraq’s Oil Production – Issues and Impediments Peter Robin Avent Wells
Enlightening Subsea Structures Marc Niklès and Fabien Ravet
Approach to Improve and Optimise Deepwater Waterflood Projects in 2011
Fady R Chaban and Grant T Gibson
Shale Gas Reservoirs in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin Daniel John Kerridge Ross
Greenhouse Gas Regulations – All Pain and No Gain Charles T Drevna
Refinery Energy Losses Due to Fouling in Heat Exchangers Francesco Coletti and Sandro Macchietto
www.touchoilandgas.com
Process Simulation for Improved Energy Efficiency, Maximised Asset Utilisation and Increase in Feed Flexibility in a Crude Oil Refinery Zoltán Varga, István Rabi and Klára Kubovics Stocz
Emerging Markets in the Middle East for New and Existing Liquefied Natural Gas Projects Fereidun Fesharaki, Alexis Aik and Noelle Leonard
Corrosion – Issues and Solutions for Hydrocarbon Refineries François Ropital
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